Diabetes-related quality of life in six European countries measured with the DOQ-30.

BACKGROUND: The quantification of diabetes-related quality of life (DR-QoL) is an essential step in making Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) self-management arrangements. The European General Practitioners Research Network (EGPRN) initiated the EUROBSTACLE study to develop a broadly conceptualised DR-QoL instrument for diverse cultural and ethnic groups; high and low-income countries. In 2016 the Diabetes Obstacles Questionnaire-30 (DOQ-30) was introduced. OBJECTIVES: The research aimed to study obstacles a patient with diabetes (PWD) may face in everyday life. First, we assessed how descriptive and clinical characteristics and the residential country were associated with the obstacles. Secondly, we calculated the proportion of respondents who expressed obstacles. METHODS: Data were collected in 2009 in a cross-sectional survey in Belgium, France, Estonia, Serbia, Slovenia, and Turkey. Multiple linear regressions were computed to detect associations between descriptive and clinical characteristics, residential country, and obstacles. Percentages of respondents who perceived obstacles were calculated. RESULTS: We found that although descriptive and clinical characteristics varied to quite a great extent, they were weakly associated with the perception of obstacles. The residential country was most often associated with the existence of some obstacle. The highest percent (48%) of all respondents perceived 'Uncertainty about Insulin Use' as an obstacle. CONCLUSION: Descriptive and clinical characteristics were weakly associated with perceived obstacles. However, the residential country plays an essential role in the decline of the QoL of PWDs. Education of both PWDs and healthcare professionals (HCPs) plays an essential role in countering the fear of insulin.

Antithymocyte globulin-induced hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia after kidney transplantation.

Antithymocyte globulin is the most widely used lymphocyte-depleting treatment in kidney transplantation. In spite of the frequency of side effects, including anemia and thrombocytopenia, their pathophysiological mechanisms are not clearly established. Here, we report the case of a 21-year-old patient who had a first kidney transplantation and received induction immunosuppressive therapy by thymoglobulin. Immediately after kidney transplantation, he developed a severe hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia with a subsequent perirenal hematoma, which lead to a second surgical procedure and a transfer to the intensive care unit. Our patients' anemia and thrombocytopenia had heteroimmune characteristics, and thymoglobulin therapy was suspected to be the cause, via an interaction with a common Fc-receptor epitope in the different cell lines.

Belatacept Rescue Therapy in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Vascular Lesions: A Case Control Study.

Immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients with decreased graft function and severe histological vascular changes can be particularly challenging. Belatacept could be a valuable option, as a rescue therapy in this context. We report a retrospective case control study comparing a CNI to belatacept switch in 17 patients with vascular damage and low eGFR to a control group of 18 matched patients with CNI continuation. Belatacept switch was performed on average 51.5 months after kidney transplantation (6.2-198 months). There was no difference between the two groups regarding eGFR at inclusion, and 3 months before inclusion. In the "CNI to belatacept switch group," mean eGFR increased significantly from 23.5 ± 6.7 mL/min/1.73m2 on day 0, to 30.4 ± 9.1 mL/min/1.73 m2 on month 6 (p < 0.001) compared to the control group, in which no improvement was observed. These results were still significant on month 12. Two patients experienced biopsy-proven acute rejection. One was effectively treated without belatacept discontinuation. Two patients needed belatacept discontinuation for infection. In conclusion, the remplacement of CNI with belatacept in patients with decreased allograft function and vascular lesions is associated with an improvement in eGFR.

Culture-Based Methods and Molecular Tools for Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus Detection in a Belgian University Hospital.

Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus is an increasing worldwide problem with major clinical implications. Surveillance is warranted to guide clinicians to provide optimal treatment to patients. To investigate azole resistance in clinical Aspergillus isolates in our institution, a Belgian university hospital, we conducted a laboratory-based surveillance between June 2015 and October 2016. Two different approaches were used: a prospective culture-based surveillance using VIPcheck on unselected A. fumigatus (n = 109 patients, including 19 patients with proven or probable invasive aspergillosis [IA]), followed by molecular detection of mutations conferring azole resistance, and a retrospective detection of azole-resistant A. fumigatus in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using the commercially available AsperGenius PCR (n = 100 patients, including 29 patients with proven or probable IA). By VIPcheck, 25 azole-resistant A. fumigatus specimens were isolated from 14 patients (12.8%). Of these 14 patients, only 2 had proven or probable IA (10.5%). Mutations at the cyp51A gene were observed in 23 of the 25 A. fumigatus isolates; TR34/L98H was the most prevalent mutation (46.7%), followed by TR46/Y121F/T289A (26.7%). Twenty-seven (27%) patients were positive for the presence of Aspergillus species by AsperGenius PCR. A. fumigatus was detected by AsperGenius in 20 patients, and 3 of these patients carried cyp51A mutations. Two patients had proven or probable IA and cyp51A mutation (11.7%). Our study has shown that the detection of azole-resistant A. fumigatus in clinical isolates was a frequent finding in our institution. Hence, a rapid method for resistance detection may be useful to improve patient management. Centers that care for immunocompromised patients should perform routine surveillance to determine their local epidemiology.

Predictive Modeling of Tacrolimus Dose Requirement Based on High-Throughput Genetic Screening.

Any biochemical reaction underlying drug metabolism depends on individual gene-drug interactions and on groups of genes interacting together. Based on a high-throughput genetic approach, we sought to identify a set of covariant single-nucleotide polymorphisms predictive of interindividual tacrolimus (Tac) dose requirement variability. Tac blood concentrations (Tac C0 ) of 229 kidney transplant recipients were repeatedly monitored after transplantation over 3 mo. Given the high dimension of the genomic data in comparison to the low number of observations and the high multicolinearity among the variables (gene variants), we developed an original predictive approach that integrates an ensemble variable-selection strategy to reinforce the stability of the variable-selection process and multivariate modeling. Our predictive models explained up to 70% of total variability in Tac C0 per dose with a maximum of 44 gene variants (p-value <0.001 with a permutation test). These models included molecular networks of drug metabolism with oxidoreductase activities and the multidrug-resistant ABCC8 transporter, which was found in the most stringent model. Finally, we identified an intronic variant of the gene encoding SLC28A3, a drug transporter, as a key gene involved in Tac metabolism, and we confirmed it in an independent validation cohort.

Long-Term Clinical Impact of Adaptation of Initial Tacrolimus Dosing to CYP3A5 Genotype.

Pretransplantation adaptation of the daily dose of tacrolimus to CYP3A5 genotype is associated with improved achievement of target trough concentration (C0 ), but whether this improvement affects clinical outcomes is unknown. In the present study, we have evaluated the long-term clinical impact of the adaptation of initial tacrolimus dosing according to CYP3A5 genotype: The transplantation outcomes of the 236 kidney transplant recipients included in the Tactique study were retrospectively investigated over a period of more than 5 years. In the Tactique study, patients were randomly assigned to receive tacrolimus at either a fixed dosage or a dosage determined by their genotype, and the primary efficacy end point was the proportion of patients for whom tacrolimus C0 was within target range (10-15 ng/mL) at day 10. Our results indicate that the incidence of biopsy-proven acute rejection and graft survival were similar between the control and the adapted tacrolimus dose groups, as well as between the patients who achieve the tacrolimus C0 target ranges earlier. Patients' death, cancer, cardiovascular events, and infections were also similar, and renal function did not change. We conclude that optimization of initial tacrolimus dose using pharmacogenetic testing does not improve clinical outcomes.

Kidney transplant recipients carrying the CYP3A4*22 allelic variant have reduced tacrolimus clearance and often reach supratherapeutic tacrolimus concentrations.

CYP3A4*22 is an allelic variant of the cytochrome P450 3A4 associated with a decreased activity. Carriers of this polymorphism may require reduced tacrolimus (Tac) doses to reach the target residual concentrations (Co). We tested this hypothesis in a population of kidney transplant recipients extracted from a multicenter, prospective and randomized study. Among the 186 kidney transplant recipients included, 9.3% (18 patients) were heterozygous for the CYP3A4*22 genotype and none were homozygous (allele frequency of 4.8%). Ten days after transplantation (3 days after starting treatment with Tac), 11% of the CYP3A4*22 carriers were within the target range of Tac Co (10-15 ng/mL), whereas among the CYP3A4*1/*1 carriers, 40% were within the target range (p = 0.02, OR = 0.19 [0.03; 0.69]). The mean Tac Co at day 10 in the CYP3A4*1/*22 group was 23.5 ng/mL (16.6-30.9) compared with 15.1 ng/mL (14-16.3) in the CYP3A4*1/*1 group, p < 0.001. The Tac Co/dose significantly depended on the CYP3A4 genotype during the follow-up (random effects model, p < 0.001) with the corresponding equivalent dose for patients heterozygous for CYP3A4*22 being 0.67 [0.54; 0.84] times the dose for CYP3A4*1/*1 carriers. In conclusion, the CYP3A4*22 allelic variant is associated with a significantly altered Tac metabolism and carriers of this polymorphism often reach supratherapeutic concentrations.

Profile of pediatric Crohn's disease in Belgium.

AIM: A Belgian registry for pediatric Crohn's disease, BELCRO, was created. This first report aims at describing disease presentation and phenotype and determining associations between variables at diagnosis and registration in the database. METHODS: Through a collaborative network, children with previously established Crohn's disease and newly diagnosed children and adolescents (under 18 y of age) were recruited over a 2 year period. Data were collected by 23 centers and entered in a database. Statistical association tests analyzed relationships between variables of interest at diagnosis. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-five patients were included. Median age at diagnosis was 12.5 y (range: 1.6-18 y); median duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis was 3 m (range: 1-12 m). Neonatal history and previous medical history did not influence disease onset nor disease behavior. Fifty three % of these patients presented with a BMI z-score < -1. CRP was an independent predictor of disease severity. Steroids were widely used as initial treatment in moderate to severe and extensive disease. Over time, immunomodulators and biological were prescribed more frequently, reflecting a lower prescription rate for steroids and 5-ASA. A positive family history was the sole significant determinant for earlier use of immunosuppression. CONCLUSION: In Belgium, the median age of children presenting with Crohn's disease is 12.5 y. Faltering growth, extensive disease and upper GI involvement are frequent. CRP is an independent predictive factor of disease activity. A positive family history appears to be the main determinant for initial treatment choice.

Five-year results of a randomized trial comparing de novo sirolimus and cyclosporine in renal transplantation: the SPIESSER study.

Calcineurin inhibitors improve acute rejection rates and short-term graft survival in renal transplantation, but their continuous use may be deleterious. We evaluated the 5-year outcomes of sirolimus (SRL) versus cyclosporine (CsA) immunosuppressive treatment. This observational study was an extension of the SPIESSER study where deceased donor kidney transplant recipients were randomized before transplantation to a SRL- or CsA-based regimen and followed up 1 year. Data from 131 (63 SRL, 68 CsA) out of 133 patients living with a functional graft at 1 year were collected retrospectively at 5 years posttransplant. Seventy percent of CsA patients versus 54% of SRL patients were still on the allocated treatment at 5 years (p = 0.091), most discontinuations in each group being due to safety issues. In intent-to-treat, mean MDRD eGFR was higher with SRL: 54.2 versus 45.3 mL/min with CsA (p = 0.019); SRL advantage was greater in on-treatment analyses. There were no differences for patient survival (p = 0.873), graft survival (p = 0.121) and acute rejection (p = 0.284). Adverse events were more frequent with SRL (80% vs. 60%, p = 0.015). Results confirmed the high SRL discontinuation rate due to adverse events. Nevertheless, a benefit was evidenced on renal function in patients (more than 50%) still on treatment at 5 years.

Safety and cost of infliximab for the treatment of Belgian pediatric patients with Crohn's disease.

Biologicals have become an important component in the treatment of Crohn's disease in children. Their increased and long term use raises safety concerns. We describe safety and cost of infliximab in Belgian pediatric Crohn's disease patients. All patients on infliximab as part of the present or past treatment for Crohn's Disease until January 1st 2011 were selected from an existing database. Information on disease phenotype, medication and adverse events were extracted. Adverse events occurred in 25.9% of patients exposed to infliximab of which 29.6% were severe. In total 31.7% of patients stopped infliximab therapy. The main reasons for discontinuation were adverse events in 45.4% and loss of response in 30.3%. No malignancies or lethal complications occurred over this 241 patient year observation period. Immunomodulators were concomitant medication in 75% of patients and were discontinued subsequently in 38.4% of them. The cost of infliximab infusions per treated patient per year in the Belgian health care setting is approximately 9 474 euro, including only medication and hospital related costs. Even though infliximab is relatively safe in pediatric CD on the short term, close follow-up and an increased awareness of the possible adverse reactions is highly recommended. Adverse reactions appeared in 25.9% of all patients and were the main reason for discontinuation. Treatment cost has to be balanced against efficacy and modifications in disease course. In the Belgian health care system, the medication is available to all patients with moderate to severe CD.

Immunosuppressant regimen based on sirolimus decreases aortic stiffness in renal transplant recipients in comparison to cyclosporine.

Whether or not a cyclosporine A (CsA)-free immunosuppressant regimen based on sirolimus (SRL) prevents aortic stiffening and improves central hemodynamics in renal recipients remains unknown. Forty-four patients (48 ± 2 years) enrolled in the CONCEPT trial were randomized at week 12 (W12) to continue CsA or switch to SRL, both associated with mycophenolate mofetil. Carotid systolic blood pressure (cSBP), pulse pressure (cPP), central pressure wave reflection (augmentation index, AIx) and carotid-to-femoral pulse-wave velocity (PWV: aortic stiffness) were blindly assessed at W12, W26 and W52 together with plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase erythrocyte activities. At W12, there was no difference between groups. At follow-up, PWV, cSBP, cPP and AIx were lower in the SRL group. The difference in PWV remained significant after adjustment for blood pressure and eGFR. In parallel, ET-1 decreased in the SRL group, while TBARS, SOD and catalase erythrocyte activities increased in both groups but to a lesser extent in the SRL group. Our results demonstrate that a CsA-free regimen based on SRL reduces aortic stiffness, plasma endothelin-1 and oxidative stress in renal recipients suggesting a protective effect on the arterial wall that may be translated into cardiovascular risk reduction.

The influence of cytomegalovirus infections on patient and renal graft outcome: a 3-year, multicenter, observational study (Post-ECTAZ Study).

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections posttransplant may increase the risk of acute rejection, graft failure, patient death, opportunistic infections, malignancy, diabetes, and cardiovascular complications. ECTAZ, a multicenter, randomized trial compared safety and efficacy at 12 months (M12) of two doses daclizumab (54 patients, group D) with thymoglobulin (55 patients, group T), plus cyclosporine (CsA), mycophenolate mofetil and steroids in first cadaveric kidney transplant patients. D+/R- patients received oral ganciclovir prophylaxis for 90 days. Post-ECTAZ is a 36-month, multicenter, observational study including recipients who participated in ECTAZ trial. We studied the indirect effects of CMV infections, whether recipients experienced (CMVi+) or not (CMVi-) a CMV infection/syndrome/disease. We compared 49 patients in the group CMVi+ with 54 patients in the group CMVi-. At month 36 (M36), patient survival, graft survival and renal function were comparable. The incidence of biopsy-proven acute rejection was 16.3% in the CMVi+ group versus 24.1% in the CMVi- group (not significant). The incidence of infections was increased in the CMVi+ group (P = .004), but not diabetes, malignancies, and cardiovascular complications. Our study shows at M36 that CMV infection/syndrome/disease episodes were associated with a higher incidence of infections but no difference for other long-term complications. Our data suggest that anti-CMV prophylaxis could decrease the risk for long-term related CMV complications.

Efficacy and safety of early cyclosporine conversion to sirolimus with continued MMF-four-year results of the Postconcept study.

Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal has been used as a strategy to improve renal allograft function. We previously reported that conversion from cyclosporine A (CsA) to sirolimus (SRL) 3 months after transplantation significantly improved renal function at 1 year. In the Postconcept trial, 77 patients in the SRL group and 85 in the CsA group were followed for 48 months. Renal function (Cockcroft and Gault) was significantly better at month 48 (M48) in the SRL group both in the intent-to-treat population (ITT): 62.6 mL/min/1.73 m(2) versus 57.1 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (p = 0.013) and in the on-treatment population (OT): 67.5 mL/min/1.73 m(2) versus 57.4 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (p = 0.002). Two biopsy proven acute rejection episodes occurred after M12 in each group. Graft and patient survival were comparable (graft survival: 97.4 vs. 100%; patient survival: 97.4 vs. 97.6%, respectively). The incidence of new-onset diabetes was numerically increased in the SRL group (7 vs. 2). In OT, three cancers occurred in the SRL group versus nine in the CsA group and mean proteinuria was increased in the SRL group (0.42 ± 0.44 vs. 0.26 ± 0.37; p = 0.018). In summary, the renal benefits associated with conversion of CsA to SRL, at 3 months posttransplantation, in combination with MMF were maintained for 4 years posttransplantation.

[Clinical case: Ménétrier's disease of childhood]. / Le cas clinique du mois. Maladie de Ménétrier chez l'enfant.

We report the case of 3 years and 2 months old boy who presented vomiting associated with eyelid edema of recent onset. The paraclinical exploration has allowed us to establish the diagnosis of benign hypertrophic gastritis or Ménétrier's disease. The interest in this case resides in his rare appearance, benignity and transience, during the childhood, contrasted with the adult where chronic form and a risk of cancer predominates.

[Renal transplantation, anxiety and depressive disorders and quality of life]. / Transplantation rénale, troubles anxiodépressifs et qualité de vie.

Until now there are few data in the literature describing psychiatric comorbidity in patients waiting for renal transplantation. We have conducted a cross sectional study estimating the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders in three groups of renal transplant patients, before transplantation, six months and one year after. The MINI was used to estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed using the HAD. Patients' quality of life was also assessed using the SF-36. This study did not find any major impact of renal transplantation on the prevalence of structured psychiatric disorders. Indeed, the prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders did not differ significantly between the three groups. The mean scores of anxiety did not differ significantly between the three groups in contrast to the mean scores of depression, which differed significantly between the group "before transplantation" and the group "one year after transplantation". We did not find any significant difference concerning the scores of patient's quality of life between the three groups, except for the item "health perceived by the patients themselves". Health perceived by the patients was greater in the group "after transplantation". The quality of life of dialysed or transplant patients was strongly correlated with anxiety and depressive symptoms scores, emphasizing the major interest of a multidisciplinary approach for these patients.

Interstitial fibrosis quantification in renal transplant recipients randomized to continue cyclosporine or convert to sirolimus.

Conversion from cyclosporine (CsA) to sirolimus at week 12 after kidney transplantation is associated with a significant improvement in renal function. The aim of this analysis was to investigate the effect of this conversion on interstitial fibrosis (IF), a hallmark of chronic allograft injury, in patients taking part in the CONCEPT trial. This multicenter, prospective, trial included 193 renal recipients randomized at week 12 to switch from CsA to sirolimus or to continue CsA, with mycophenolate mofetil. Routine biopsy with automated, quantified assessment of IF by a program of color segmentation was performed at 1 year in 121 patients. At 1 year, renal function was significantly improved in the conversion group as assessed by estimated GFR (MDRD) and measured GFR. Biopsy results, however, showed no between-group difference in percentage of IF. Calculated GFR at 1 year was significantly associated with the percentage of IF (p = 0.004, R(2)= 0.07). By multivariate analysis diabetic patients had more fibrosis than non-diabetic patients. In conclusion, although kidney transplant patients converted from CsA to sirolimus showed significant improvement in renal function, we found no difference of IF on 1-year biopsies.

Efficacy on renal function of early conversion from cyclosporine to sirolimus 3 months after renal transplantation: concept study.

Sirolimus (SRL) allows to minimize the use of cyclosporine (CsA), but de novo administration after transplantation is associated with various complications. We report a prospective, open-label, multicenter randomized study to evaluate conversion from a CsA-based regimen to a SRL-based regimen 3 months after transplantation. One hundred ninety-two of a total of 237 patients were eligible at 3 months to be converted to SRL (n = 95) or to continue CsA (n = 97). All patients were also given mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and oral steroids, planned to be discontinued at month 8. The primary endpoint, the clearance estimated according to Cockcroft and Gault at week 52, was significantly better in the SRL group (68.9 vs. 64.4 mL/min, p = 0.017). Patient and graft survival were not statistically different. The incidence of acute rejection episodes, mainly occurring after withdrawal of steroids, was numerically but not statistically higher in the SRL group (17% vs. 8%, p = 0.071). Sixteen patients discontinued SRL, mainly for adverse events (n = 11), and seven patients discontinued CsA for renal failure or acute rejection. Significantly, more patients in the SRL group reported aphthous, diarrhea, acne and high triglyceride levels. Conversion CsA to SRL 3 months after transplantation combined with MMF is associated with improvement in renal function.

Individualized mycophenolate mofetil dosing based on drug exposure significantly improves patient outcomes after renal transplantation.

Efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) may be optimized with individualized doses based on therapeutic monitoring of its active metabolite, mycophenolic acid (MPA). In this 12-month study, 137 renal allograft recipients from 11 French centers receiving basiliximab, cyclosporine A, MMF and corticosteroids were randomized to receive either concentration-controlled doses or fixed-dose MMF. A novel Bayesian estimator of MPA AUC based on three-point sampling was used to individualize doses on posttransplant days 7 and 14 and months 1, 3 and 6. The primary endpoint was treatment failure (death, graft loss, acute rejection and MMF discontinuation). Data from 65 patients/group were analyzed. At month 12, the concentration-controlled group had fewer treatment failures (p = 0.03) and acute rejection episodes (p = 0.01) with no differences in adverse event frequency. The MMF dose was higher in the concentration-controlled group at day 14 (p < 0.0001), month 1 (p < 0.0001) and month 3 (p < 0.01), as were median AUCs on day 14 (33.7 vs. 27.1 mg*h/L; p = 0.0001) and at month 1 (45.0 vs. 30.9 mg*h/L; p < 0.0001). Therapeutic MPA monitoring using a limited sampling strategy can reduce the risk of treatment failure and acute rejection in renal allograft recipients 12 months posttransplant with no increase in adverse events.

Long-term results of monoclonal anti-Il2-receptor antibody versus polyclonal antilymphocyte antibodies as induction therapy in renal transplantation.

We compared the influence of induction therapy on 5-year patient and graft survival as well as on renal function in 100 kidney graft recipients at low immunological risk treated with antilymphocyte globulin (n = 50) versus anti-IL-2R monoclonal antibody (n = 50) in a prospective multicenter study. Long-term immunosuppressive treatment included cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and a short course of steroids in all patients. Five year graft (86% vs 86%) and patient (94% vs 94%) survivals were identical in both study arms. Moreover, neither serum creatinine or proteinuria were significantly different between the two groups. Our results showed that the choice of the induction therapy seemed to not have a major impact on long-term outcomes among renal recipients at low immunological risk.